Author: Caryn R. Leland
Whether you are a designer, illustrator, photographer, or fine artist, you can increase your income by licensing your creative images. This book will show you how by providing expert coverage of the following areas: how to protect your ideas with copyrights, patents, and trademarks; a model licensing agreement; a negotiation checklist to evaluate deals; how to maximize royalties; how to find manufacturers and distributors; and licensing in cyberspace. The revised edition now covers the licensing of multimedia and electronic rights.
useful book for individuals, studios (2010-05-03)Not many legal jargons, easy to read guidebook for non-lawyers. As a practicing lawyer, I also like the book because it provides useful information not directly related to legal theory but practical tips for licensing (e.g. royalty negotiation). Will be great if more contract templates are provided.
Great Reference & Resource for Artists (2008-11-18)I am an art licensing agent, and I use this book, along with a few other references, on a regular basis. It could probably be updated, like a previous reviewer stated, but it is still very helpful when determining royalty rates. It is good for an artist just starting to license, as it's easy to follow and is a great introduction into licensing art.
Dated Information (2008-11-17)This book was a disappointment. The information was old and dated. The internet was mentioned as if it just arrived on the scene. It's time to shelve this book. Don't buy it.
Used this as a reference for several years now (2007-10-25)There aren't many books out there for licensing art, or licensing, period. This is one of three books I use as a reference when negotiating licensing agreements for the artists I represent. It's very basic, yes, but helpful. I would like to see a follow up to this book for advanced licensors!
Still a good introduction to Licensing (2007-03-28)While this book was written in 1995, it still does a very good job of introducing the artist to the world of licensing, and is worth the purchase price. Pair it with Michael Woodward's book "Licensing Art 101", for a more complete picture of the industry.
Authors: Ralph S. Brown, Robert C. DenicolaThe Tenth Edition continues its traditional emphasis on the fundamentals of copyright law while also offering an integrated treatment of current issues such as file-sharing, service provider liability, and anti-circumvention. This popular casebook remains distinctive in providing substantial coverage of related topics that affect the exploitation of works of authorship, including moral rights, unfair competition, and the right of publicity. It supplements traditional case and statutory analysis with a rich collection of background materials that provide a broad perspective on both established doctrine and emerging issues, especially the challenges created by the dissemination of works in digital form. Despite its breadth of coverage, the Tenth Edition remains manageable in size and is organized to accommodate either a two or three-credit course.
Authors: Christian Collberg, Jasvir Nagra
“This book gives thorough, scholarly coverage of an area of growing importance in computer security and is a ‘must have’ for every researcher, student, and practicing professional in software protection.”
—Mikhail Atallah, Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at Purdue University
Theory, Techniques, and Tools for Fighting Software Piracy, Tampering, and Malicious Reverse Engineering
The last decade has seen significant progress in the development of techniques for resisting software piracy and tampering. These techniques are indispensable for software developers seeking to protect vital intellectual property. Surreptitious Software is the first authoritative, comprehensive resource for researchers, developers, and students who want to understand these approaches, the level of security they afford, and the performance penalty they incur.
Christian Collberg and Jasvir Nagra bring together techniques drawn from related areas of computer science, including cryptography, steganography, watermarking, software metrics, reverse engineering, and compiler optimization. Using extensive sample code, they show readers how to implement protection schemes ranging from code obfuscation and software fingerprinting to tamperproofing and birthmarking, and discuss the theoretical and practical limitations of these techniques.
Coverage includes
Packs in tips on security and tools for fighting software piracy (2009-11-16)Christian Collberg's SURREPTITIOUS SOFTWARE packs in tips on security and tools for fighting software piracy and covers all the latest programs that both attackers and defenders use to analyze programs. From fingerprinting software to identify its author to tamper-proofing software with guards, strengthening content, and detecting code theft, this is a key acquisition for any serious software library, unparalleled in its content and coverage.
A very interesting read on securing your software (2009-09-27)This book was very interesting to me. I really don't work in such a way that I would have a need to deploy my own software for money and therefore need to worry about hiding the details of my code, but it was an aspect of computer security I didn't know much about until I sat down with this book. The book is not about trying to keep people out of your computer networks, but it is about keeping unauthorized users from executing your code and about disabling the analysis of your code by those who might want to extract details about some algorithm for the purpose of copying it.
I thought that the algorithms involved were very well explained and code snippets were shown to illustrate key concepts. The author employs widely used languages such as PERL for his examples. Commercial products are mentioned when applicable. I really enjoyed the sections on steganography and watermarking - these sections contain the clearest descriptions of the key algorithms involved that I've seen. I had only seen this subject mentioned before in the context of information hiding inside of an image, and the author did a great job of applying it to the conditional hiding of software details.
I'd highly recommend this especially to anyone involved in securing software, but even if you are not it is a good exercise in "stretching your brain" on a timely computer science topic. The reader should already be an able programmer in a number of the more common languages (PERL, Java, C) and you should probably have a background in computer science equivalent to a four year degree in order to get the most from this book. The table of contents are not currently shown in the product information, so I include that next.
Chapter 1. What Is Surreptitious Software?
Section 1.1. Setting the Scene
Section 1.2. Attack and Defense
Section 1.3. Program Analysis
Section 1.4. Code Obfuscation
Section 1.5. Tamperproofing
Section 1.6. Software Watermarking
Section 1.7. Software Similarity
Section 1.8. Hardware-Based Protection Techniques
Section 1.9. Discussion
Section 1.10. Notation
Chapter 2. Methods of Attack and Defense
Section 2.1. Attack Strategies
Section 2.2. Defense Strategies
Section 2.3. Discussion
Chapter 3. Program Analysis
Section 3.1. Static Analysis
Section 3.2. Dynamic Analysis
Section 3.3. Reconstituting Source
Section 3.4. Pragmatic Analysis
Section 3.5. Discussion
Chapter 4. Code Obfuscation
Section 4.1. Semantics-Preserving Obfuscating Transformations
Section 4.2. Definitions
Section 4.3. Complicating Control Flow
Section 4.4. Opaque Predicates
Section 4.5. Data Encodings
Section 4.6. Breaking Abstractions
Section 4.7. Discussion
Chapter 5. Obfuscation Theory
Section 5.1. Definitions
Section 5.2. Provably Secure Obfuscation: Possible or Impossible?
Section 5.3. Provably Secure Obfuscation: It's Possible (Sometimes)!
Section 5.4. Provably Secure Obfuscation: It's Impossible (Sometimes)!
Section 5.5. Provably Secure Obfuscation: Can It Be Saved?
Section 5.6. Discussion
Chapter 6. Dynamic Obfuscation
Section 6.1. Definitions
Section 6.2. Moving Code Around
Section 6.3. Encryption
Section 6.4. Discussion
Chapter 7. Software Tamperproofing
Section 7.1. Definitions
Section 7.2. Introspection
Section 7.4. State Inspection
Section 7.5. Remote Tamperproofing
Section 7.6. Discussion
Chapter 8. Software Watermarking
Section 8.1. History and Applications
Section 8.2. Watermarking Software
Section 8.3. Definitions
Section 8.4. Watermarking by Permutation
Section 8.5. Tamperproofing Watermarks
Section 8.6. Improving Resilience
Section 8.7. Improving Stealth
Section 8.8. Steganographic Embeddings
Section 8.9. Splitting Watermark Integers
Section 8.10. Graph Codecs
Section 8.11. Discussion
Chapter 9. Dynamic Watermarking
Section 9.1. Algorithm WMCT: Exploiting Aliasing
Section 9.2. Algorithm WMNT: Exploiting Parallelism
Section 9.3. Algorithm WMCCDKHLSpaths: Expanding Execution Paths
Section 9.4. Algorithm WMCCDKHLSbf: Tamperproofing Execution Paths
Section 9.5. Discussion
Chapter 10. Software Similarity Analysis
Section 10.1. Applications
Section 10.2. Definitions
Section 10.3. k-gram-Based Analysis
Section 10.4. API-Based Analysis
Section 10.5. Tree-Based Analysis
Section 10.6. Graph-Based Analysis
Section 10.7. Metrics-Based Analysis
Section 10.8. Discussion
Chapter 11. Hardware for Protecting Software
Section 11.1. Anti-Piracy by Physical Distribution
Section 11.2. Authenticated Boot Using a Trusted Platform Module
Section 11.3. Encrypted Execution
Section 11.4. Attacks on Tamperproof Devices
Section 11.5. Discussion
Securing software (2009-07-29)This book is part of Addison-Wesley's software security series (which I edit). Most of the books in the series are about how to build more secure software. By contrast, this book is about how to protect software.
There are many resaons to protect software with watermarking, obfuscation, and tamperproofing. Perhaps your product needs protection from piracy (like a game, a book, or music). Perhaps your product involves top secret military ideas and may be captured by the enemy (like a predator drone shot down in Afghanistan). Whatever your reason for software protection might be, this book is the go to guide for protecting software.
Christian Collberg has long been an important intellectual leader in software protection. This book will serve as the most important reference in a blossoming new field.
gem
Authors: Ralph S. Brown, Robert C. DenicolaThe 2009 Statutory and Case Supplement brings together major legislative and judicial developments since the 2005 publication of the Ninth Edition. Background Notes provide continuing coverage of current business and legal developments.
Authors: Douglas E. Phillips
Millions of computer users regularly bind themselves to software license terms with the click of a mouse, usually without reading anything but the word "agree." Licenses for software as diverse as Microsoft Windows and Linux, and terms of use for websites such as Facebook, are all subject not only to intellectual property and commercial law, but also to the private law of the license, which comes in many forms, each with its advocates. Microsoft, for example, maintains that its proprietary model gives users the rights they need while creating the incentives that have made the United States the global software leader, while Richard Stallman - creator of the GNU General Public License and author of a number of free software programs - asserts that proprietary licensing enables software companies to "hoard" software they should be sharing.
In The Software License Unveiled, Douglas Phillips looks at both of these extremes and questions how these proliferating but largely unread license terms affect access to software, one of the economy's most valuable resources. While highlighting the obvious divergences, he makes the more illuminating case that most current models - spanning the spectrum from proprietary to free - have one key feature in common: to an increasing extent, each license model extends, modifies, or displaces public law that would otherwise apply. Unlike books that advocate one form of licensing or another, this one reframes the debate to propose that going forward a key challenge for lawyers, scholars, policymakers, and the public is to consider whether "legislation by license" should be the means for controlling software access.
Congress Should Read This Book But Won't; You Can (2009-07-20)This book is an interesting read for copyright lawyers as well as software professionals. Policymakers in Congress should read it too, but that doesn't seem likely. The Software License Unveiled was enjoyable because of the many interesting facts and analyses. That the book is concise (in marked contrast to most scholarly books) means it was a pleasure, rather than a drudge, to read.
The law about software copyright developed almost entirely during the life of most copyright lawyers. When I was still in college, I was typing programs on punch cards. Free "software" was limited to cards that would print out a "Snoopy" on the 18-inch wide paper we used. Much has happened since then.
The book discusses a seminal article by Bill Gates written in 1976 about hobbyists (and those were the persons using computers back then) who copied software without paying for it. One wonders how the computer industry would have developed if Bill Gates' father hadn't been a named partner at a major Seattle firm (one that I interviewed with but didn't receive an offer). One supposes that someone else would have filled the role of Microsoft.
Although we all know about the several versions of GPL (and if not, the book is a great introduction to the subject), I did not know about Richard Stallman, the inventor of "copyleft," as distinguished from "copyright." Although Stallman believes in no copyright protection, he "sold" the disks upon which the "free" software was recorded. Stallman felt this was not a violation of his principle that all software should be free--a distinction without a difference that even a lawyer can chuckle about. Beyond these interesting tidbits, the book provides a thoughtful analysis of the GPL and "copyleft." The book discusses the "viral" nature of GPL software, but omits a discussion of the vendors who have grown up in response: vendors who screen software for GPL contamination.
The EULAs or "shrink-wrap licenses," which we all take for granted as enforceable, were of uncertain validity until the ProCD case in only 1996. A number of interesting thoughts about the ridiculously one-sided nature of EULAs: what is there to limit EULAs? Software vendors could include language in the EULA that would allow the vendor to install adware and spyware on the users' computers without their knowledge or permission. What prevents the vendors from doing so? Certainly not any negotiations between most consumers and the vendors. What about a few sophisticated consumers (such as IT professionals in large corporations)? Or public interest groups (such as the Electronic Privacy Foundation) that shame the vendor into a more reasonable EULA?
From a policy perspective the larger question is whether all the important doctrines included within the Copyright Act are allowed to be superseded by EULAs: fair use, reverse engineering of uncopyrightable elements. The later point is dear to me since I worked on a major case involving the application of a license to the reverse engineering of unprotectable elements of a program. The decision was depublished by the California Supreme Court, but that battle has long been lost due to language included in most EULAs. Yet, for our society, does this make good policy?
A third approach, different than GPL and EULA, is open source. As we all know, SCO and the other UNIX service providers existing on servicing public domain software. A bit more attention to the various open source programs other than UNIX would have been interesting.
The book contains well-written and understandable explanation of some major economic analyses of software licensing: economic efficiency, information asymmetry, intangible property, the hypothetical extension of licensing to other goods, for example, what if hammers were licensed pursuant to a EULA instead of sold?
In summary, intellectual property attorneys, licensing attorneys and software professionals should all enjoy this book.
As a disclosure, I know the author, and despite that it was a pleasure to read and I recommend the book to my friends.
Phillips unwraps the EULA (2009-06-09)A thought-provoking tour through the thicket of licensing theory and practice. Phillips peels back the clickwrap and exposes the issues behind modern EULAs, GPL, open source, copyleft, etc. The text is both interesting and dense, and covers the field in a reader-friendly way. For anyone interested in software licensing, this should be required reading. Only problem -- after your done you might never click "Agree" again.
A Must-Read That's Also a Fun Read (2009-06-08)Considering the somewhat technical nature of the topic, I found this book surprisingly enjoyable to read. Some of the author's opinions seemed very insightful (such as when he shows how EULAs are stacked against users for the same reason privately-sold used cars are often "lemons"). Others seemed like more of a stretch (such as when he argues that bad EULAs make software buggier). Whether you buy all the ideas or not, though, by the time you finish the book you feel you've really been through all the twists and turns. The things you see on the Internet about EULAs and open source software will make a lot more sense (or did to me, anyway) after reading this book.
The title seems to be referring to the book's argument that EULAs are "hidden in plain sight" because most people click yes to them without reading the terms. A more accurate title might have been "The Software License Reviled." It seems the author, Douglas Phillips, has never met a software license he liked. The first part of the book explains in detail what's wrong with EULAs, and then the second part criticizes the GNU General Public License, calling it an "anti-EULA." Phillips concludes that proprietary software companies should sell copies of their software or, if there has to be a license, be required to distribute them under a "minimal EULA." He outlines some ideas for possible legislation to bring this about. His conclusion that EULAs are bad isn't necessarily a big surprise, but he gives what appears to be a novel explanation of why EULAs are so bad (he doesn't think there's any "evil conspiracy" among the Microsofts of the world and attributes it instead to the economics of information asymmetry). There will probably be more controversy over his argument that open source software should be dedicated to the public domain or at most distributed under a "simple permissive open source license." There's a fascinating chapter on what would have happened if Tim Berners-Lee, who created the World Wide Web, had licensed the original web software under the GPL rather than having it be dedicated it to the public domain as he did. This book is definitely not another open source manifesto.
Cutting Edge Thinking (2009-05-11)This book goes well beyond the shrill polemics that typically surround this subject. Indeed, it presents an "out of the box" alternative to the two traditional camps. And given the explosively increasing importance of intellectual property issues in our economy, it is a timely read. I enjoyed it a lot, despite the challenging content and emphasis on a rigorous conceptual framework that focuses economic, legal and social principles on the key issues. There is also a nice dose of historical perspective which injects not only a contextual element but also a wicked slice of humor. Neither side is spared! Enjoy...
Authors: Christopher KunerThe new edition of this acclaimed book gives a fully updated overview of European data protection law affecting companies, incorporating the important legal developments which have taken place since the last edition was published. These include the first three cases of the European Court of Justice interpreting the EU Data Protection Directive (95/46), the Commission's first report on the implementation of the Directive, the Data Retention Directive, new developments in international data transfers, conflicts between security requirements and data protection, and the implementation of the Electronic Communications and Privacy Directive 2002/58 in the Member States. It also covers the recent European Court of Justice decision on the controversial export of airline passenger data to the US, and expands its European overview to include the new and acceding Member States.
The book contains comprehensive coverage of data protection law, while at the same time providing pragmatic guidance on the typical compliance issues that companies face. As globalization of the world economy continues, an increasing number of business issues with data protection implications have come to the foreground, for example, outsourcing, whistleblower hotlines and records management, all of which are covered in the book. The appendices have been expanded to include most sources which a company will need, such as the texts of relevant directives, the safe harbor principles and FAQs, and charts of implementation in the Member States of specific provisions of interest to business.European Data Protection Law is a single reference source for companies faced with data protection issues.
Authors: Philip W. Grubb, Peter R. Thomsen
The chemicals, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology industries worldwide rely upon being able to patent inventions in order to protect investment in research and development, and to reap commercial rewards. An increasingly globalized sector requires a global perspective, and Philip Grubb's highly acclaimed book guides the reader through the legal and procedural complexities of the British, European, Japanese and US patent systems, and explains in detail the role of patent practitioners (both in-house and in private practice) in maximizing the commercial potential of their client's or company's innovative products.
This eagerly awaited fifth edition provides vital updating to take account of the latest legal developments, while retaining focus on the relevant technology and industry practices that sets it apart from more general books on patent law and procedure.
Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology provides the reader with a complete description of the techniques and industry know-how that underlie successful patent practice and portfolio management and will be invaluable to all patent agents and practitioners working in the area of patent law. With its lucid and accessible presentation and practical approach, this book will also be welcomed by scientists, researchers and managers without a legal background.
First rate (2005-08-16)This is an outstanding reference for the researcher and patent attorney alike. The book provides a solid overview of patent law in the major markets, with emphasis on pharmaceutical, chemical and biotechhnology patents. What distinguishes this book from others in its class, however, is the emphasis on practical and strategic aspects of patent filing and enforcement. The author has a lifetime's worth of experience in this field, and it shows. Moreover, the book is uncommonly well-written, with clarity and occassional humor. Highly recommmended!
An outstanding publication (2003-03-29)This is quite simply the best general work on patent law and practice I've ever read. Presented in clear, crisp language and with wit and flair, it is essential reading for anyone in the patent and allied professions and I would suggest mandatory reading for any students.
Authors: Deborah E. Bouchoux
You can't touch it or feel it. Sometimes you can't even see it. Yet, intellectual property continues to soar in value, comprising an increasingly greater portion of a typical company's assets. In the age of instant global communication, understanding what intellectual property is, how to protect it, and how to enhance its value are prerequisites for corporate survival.
Enter attorney Deborah E. Bouchoux and her informative book, Protecting Your Company's Intellectual Property. Packed with fascinating and illuminating examples, this book is a succinct, yet comprehensive discussion of the four key areas of intellectual property: trademarks * copyrights * patents * trade secrets.
In addition to defining these areas (for instance, did you know that customer lists and marketing plans are protectable trade secrets?), the book offers practical tools for protecting intellectual property, including:
* Trademark and copyright application forms
* Sample employment agreements
* An Internet usage policy
* Tips on preventing unauthorized dissemination of information via the Web
* A guide for conducting an IP audit, and much more.
good stuff! (2010-03-06)
item shipped on time. Arrived in good condition - thanks for the smooth transaction!
Excellent IP overview for managers and investors (2003-06-25)This book offers a comprehensive overview of intellectual property issues, suitable for (among others) high-tech executives, entrepreneurs, and investors in early stage companies (all of which describe me). Its coverage includes trademarks (6 chapters, 70 pages), copyrights (5 chapters, 68 pages), patents (4 chapters, 40 pages), and trade secrets (1 chapter, 18 pages), plus chapters on unfair competition, owning IP created by employees and independent contractors, and conducting internal IP audits. I have experience with software copyrights and biotechnology patents; this book is fairly strong on the former, but only briefly mentions the latter. The material on internal IP audits is rather brief (12 pages) but includes a fairly good audit checklist, and an action plan for protecting a company's IP; also, the first chapter should be required reading for managers, since it points out the many places in a business where valuable IP may be found, department by department.
The writing is very clear -- certainly not "obtuse" as one reviewer claimed -- and the book is quite current, with good coverage of the Internet's impact on copyright and other IP issues, and coverage of recent changes in the law such as the Digital Millenium Copyright Act. The book is a high-level overview for managers rather than a lawyer's or practitioner's guide, but it does describe the application process for trademarks, copyrights, and patents, all in reasonable detail. Yet this book is just 250 pages of highly readable text -- not a huge tome -- which I think makes it suitable for managers, early stage investors, or board members, especially in high-tech companies.
Save the money (2002-04-20)I found this book very obtuse and thought the author tried to make this subject much more difficult than it really is. Save your money.
Highly Recommended! (2001-09-28)In the interests of safety, we'll refrain from quoting this fine book by Deborah E. Bouchoux, a specialist in intellectual property who teamed with AMACOM to create that rarest of volumes: a straightforward book about law that is simple to read (it's a formula she should patent). This comprehensive volume covers the nuts and bolts of U.S. patent and trademark law. It also gives advice on how to protect your intellectual property and avoid infringement, and reports on the latest patent trends in high tech. Of most concern for general business managers, Bouchoux reviews how (and why) to conduct intellectual property audits within your organization. With intellectual property emerging as the new corporate treasure of the knowledge economy, we [...] suggest that research and development managers and executives of every stripe study this volume carefully. Why should your attorney be the only one who understands what you really own?
Authors: Mary E. Carter
Although most of us think we know something about copyright law, few of us know what's fully protected and what's not. For artists, especially those who publish their work on the Web, copyright issues are now more important than ever, and the book to use as a point of reference is Electronic Highway Robbery: An Artist's Guide to Copyrights in the Digital Era. Mary Carter wisely says that you can't stop everyone from downloading your images and copying them, and she points out that in some cases it doesn't matter. She also considers the notions that copyright law is obsolete and that artists should use the Web for giving free samples of their work in order to encourage purchases. She discusses digital watermarking; work for hire; fair use of images, including comment, parody, and criticism; and de minimis doctrine--the idea that copying an insignificant portion of an image is acceptable. This is a fine book for artists who want guidance in following copyright law and in enforcing their own copyrights.
A Must Read for everyone involved in web page design (1999-10-30)Finally a book on copyright for the web written in right-brain language that a non-lawyer can understand.
The web is the modern day equivilant to the Old Wild West in which images are freely copied, modified and redistributed, all over the world, where they might be seen, and re-used by portentially millions of people. The rights of the individual author and artist are blatantly disregarded, to some extent because of willful disregard for the property of others, but mostly because of ignorance. The notion that the web is for everybody is all the justification some people need to plunder your images.
This book explains our rights and copyrights as artists, designers, and content providers and tells in plain words what we can do to protect ourselves from being the victims of web crimes.
Mary Carter's strength is in her ability to condense large mountains of infomation into small bitesized bits of information.
This book is extremely well written, and unlike most books written by lawyers, it is written with wit and charm.
I cannot recommend this book highly enough.
Gary W. Priester Graphic Designer
Authors: The US Copyright OfficeContents
+ The Constitutional Provision Respecting Copyright
+ Preface
+ Chapter 1 - Subject Matter and Scope of Copyright
+ Chapter 2 - Copyright Ownership and Transfer
+ Chapter 3 - Duration of Copyright
+ Chapter 4 - Copyright Notice, Deposit, and Registration
+ Chapter 5 - Copyright Infringement and Remedies
+ Chapter 6 - Manufacturing Requirements and Importation
+ Chapter 7 - Copyright Office
+ Chapter 8 - Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panels
+ Chapter 9 - Protection of Semiconductor Chip Products
+ Chapter 10 - Digital Audio Recording Devices and Media
+ Chapter 11 - Sound Recordings and Music Videos
+ Chapter 12 - Copyright Protection and Management Systems
+ Chapter 13 - Protection of Original Designs
+ Appendix I. Transitional and Supplementary Provisions of the
Copyright Act of 1976
+ Appendix II. Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
+ Appendix III. Uruguay Round Agreements Act
+ Appendix IV. GATT/Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPs) Agreement, Part II, Section 6:
Layout-Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits
+ Appendix V. Additional Provisions of the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act
+ Appendix VI. Definition of "Berne Convention Work"
+ Appendix VII. Selected Provisions of the U.S. Code Relating to
Copyright
Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48